Books & Authors
This is a list of other books and authors mentioned in
The Interpretation of Dreams with a note of reference.
In the two works of Aristotle in which there is mention of dreams, they are already regarded as constituting a problem of psychology.
Thus Otto Nordenskjold, in his book, Anarctica (1904, vol.i, p.336), writes as follow of the crew who spent the winter with him: "Very characteristic of the trend of our inter most thoughts were our dreams, which were never more vivid and more numerous. Even those of our comrades with whom dreaming was formerly exceptional had long stories to tell in the morning, when we exchanged our experiences on the world of phantasy. They all had references to that in which was now so far removed from us, but they often fitted into our immediate circumstances...."
The association of the idea then leads me to England, to the house of my brother, who used in jest to twit his wife with the title of Tennyson's poem Fifty Years Ago, whereupon the children were used to correct him: Fifteen Years Ago.
The explanation of the favourite flower, and the putting into a buttonhole of something that must have been flower (which recalls he orchids which I had given that day to a friend, and also a rose of Jericho) prominently recalls the incident in Shakespeare's historical play which opens the civil wars of the Red and the White Roses; the mention of Henry VIII has paved the way to this reminiscence.
I get this idea from Zola's Germinal, in which some children are told to bring some dandelion salad with them.
The incident of the lamp goes back to Grillparzer, who notes a charming experience of a similar nature, of which he afterward made use of in Hero and Leander (the waves of the sea and of love- the Armada and the storm).
Readers who recall Master Rabelais's inimitable description of life and deeds of Gargantua and his son Pantagruel will be able to enroll even the suggested content of the first portion of the dream among the boasts to which I have alluded.
Strumpell... Asserts that the mind, since it turns away from the outer world during sleep, is not in a position to give the correct interpretation of the objective sensory stimulus, but is forced to construct illusions on the basis of the indefinite stimulation arriving from many directions.
We have an interesting proof that the dream which is partially distorted by wish-fulfillment has not been properly understood; for it has been made the basis of a fairy-tale familiar to us all in Anderson's version of The Emperor's New Clothes, and has more recently achieved poetical treatment by Fulda in The Talisman.
... we may expect that within the very period of life which we reckon as childhood, altruistic impulses and morality will awaken in the little egoist, and that, in the words of Meynert, a secondary ego will overlay and inhibit the primary ego.
Fathers, as a rule, cling desperately to as much of the sadly antiquated potestas patris familias as still survives in our modern society, and the poet who like Isben, puts the immemorial strife between father and son in the foreground of his drama is sure of his effect.
We have no justification for expecting that those portions of the dream which have been lost should likewise have referred only to those thoughts which we know from the analysis of the portions which have been preserved.
In a rather long and confused dream of my own, the apparent nucleus of which is a sea-voyage, it occurs to me that the next port is Hearsing, and next after that Fliess. The latter is the name of my friend in B., to which city I have often journeyed. But Hearsing is put together from the names of places in the neighborhood of Vienna, which so frequently end in "ing": Hietzing, Liesing, Moedling (the old Medelitz, "meae delicae," "my joy"; that is, my own name, the German for "joy" being Freud), and the English hearsay, which points to calumny, and establishes the relation to the indifferent dream-stimulus of the day - a poem in Fliegende Blatter about a slanderous dwarf, "Sagter Hatergesagt" (Saidhe Hashesaid).
In the novel of artistic life, L'Œuvre, which, by virtue of its content, must have been in association with my dream-thoughts, the author, as is well-known, has incidentally given a description of his own person and his own domestic happiness, and appears under the name of Sandoz.
"This dream, O King, although seen under two forms, signifies one and the same event of things."
Jung, in his Beitrag zur Psychologie des Geruchtes, relates how a veiled erotic dream of a schoolgirl was understood by her friends without interpretation, and continued by them with variations, and he remarks, with reference to one of these narrated dreams, "that the concluding idea of a long series of dream-like images had precisely the same content as the first image of the series had endeavored to represent. The censorship thrust the complex out of the way as long as possible by a constant renewal of symbolic screenings, displacements, a formations into a something harmless, etc."
Karl Albert Scherner : "But finally, in all symbolic dream-formations emanating from definite nerve stimuli, the phantasy observes the general law that at the beginning of the dream it depicts the stimulating object only by the remotest and freest allusions, but towards the end, when the graphic impulse becomes exhausted, the stimulus itself in nakedly represented by its appropriate organ or its function; whereupon the dream, itself describing it's organic motive, achieves its end ..."
A pretty confirmation of this law of Scherner's has been furnished by Otto Rank in his essay: Ein Traum, der sich selbst deutet.
... a certain content in the dream is characterized in the dream itself as having been "dreamed" - the riddle of a "dream within a dream" - has been solved in a similar sense by W. Stekel, by the analysis of some convincing examples.
Herbert Silberer has described a good method of directly observing the transformation of thoughts into images which occurs in dream formation, and has thus made it possible to study in isolation this one factor of dream-work.
I know patients who have steadily adhered to an architectural symbolism for the body and the genitals (sexual interest, of course, extends far beyond the region of the external genital organs) - patients for whom posts and pillars signify legs (as in the Song of Songs), to whom every door suggests a bodily aperture ("hole"), and every water pipe the urinary system, and so on. But the groups of ideas appertaining to plant-life, or to the kitchen, are just as often to conceal sexual images; in respect of the former everyday language, the sediment of imaginative comparisons dating from the remotest times, has abundantly paved the way (the "vineyard" of the Lord, the "seed" of Abraham, the "garden" of the maiden in the Song of Songs).
... when I proposed the root Schlemihl he laughed heartily, and told me that during the summer he had read a book by Prevost which contained a chapter: Les exclus de l'amour, and in this there was some mention of Schlemilies; and in reading of these outcasts he said to himself: "That is my case."
Only in one passage which, however, makes a profound impression upon the reader - Brutus's speech of justification in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: "As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him."
It is the visit of this lady, Louise N., who helps me with my work in the dream. She says: "Lend me something to read." I offer her She, by Rider Haggerd. " strange book, but full of hidden meaning," I try to explain; "the eternal feminine, the immortality of our emotions - "
The comment "strangely enough" applies to this book, and to another by the same author, The Heart of the World; and numerous elements of the dream are taken from these two fantastic romances.
I am suddenly in another compartment, in which the leather seats are so narrow that's one's spine directly touches the back. I am surprised at this, but I may have changed carriages while asleep. Several people, among them an English brother and sister; a row of book plainly on a shelf on the wall. - I see "The Wealth of the Nations," and "Matter and Motion" (by Maxwell), thick books bound in brown linen. The man asks his sister about a book of Schiller's, whether she has forgotten it. These books seem to belong now to me, now to them. At this point I wish to join the conversation in order to confirm or support what is being said.
The whole matter becomes intelligible as soon as one learns that on the dream-day the lady had received a visit from her husband's superior. He was very polite to her , and kissed her hand, and she was not at all afraid of him, although he is a "big bug" and plays the part of a "social lion" in the capital of her country. This lion is, therefore, like the lion in A Midsummer Night's Dream, who is unmasked as Snug the joiner; and of such stuff are all the dream- lions of which one is not afraid.
The steam of urine that washes everything clean is an unmistakable allusion to greatness. It is in this manner that Gulliver extinguishes the great fire in Liliput; to be sure, he thereby incurs the displeasure of the tiniest of queens.
.... before I went to sleep I turned over the leaves of Rabelais, and read a short story by C. F. Meyer entitled Die Leiden dines Knaben ( The Sorrows of a Boy).
The grey of morning glimmered through the clear windows of my familiar home. Objects d'art surrounded me; in the tasteful bookcase stood the eternal Homer, the gigantic Dante, the incomparable Shakespeare, the glorious Goethe - all radiant and immortal.
O. Rank has called my attention to the fact that in Grimm's fairy-tale of the valiant little tailor, or Seven at one Stroke, there is related a very similar dream of an upstart.
(Casimir) Bonjour intended one evening to witness the first performance of one of his own plays, but he was so tired that he dozed off in his chair behind the scenes just as the curtain was rising. In his sleep he went through all the five acts of his play, and observed all the various signs of emotion which were manifested by the audience during each individual scene. At the close of the performance, to his great satisfaction, he heard his name called out admist the lively manifestations of applause. Suddenly he woke. He could hardly believe either his eyes or his ears; the performance had not gone beyond the first lines of the first scene; he could not have been asleep for more than two minutes.
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John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury |
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| E. B. Tylor |
I will refer the reader to the well-known works of Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury), Herbert Spencer, E.B. Tylor and other writers; I will only add that we shall not realize the importance of these problems and speculations until we have completed the task of dream interpretation that lies before us.
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| Herbert Spencer |
In the two works of Aristotle in which there is mention of dreams, they are already regarded as constituting a problem of psychology.
"Les savants ne sant pas curieux," said the scoffer, Anatole France.
"the man who knows (everything) is not curious (to learn nothing new)"
In a novel, Gradiva, by the poet, W. Jenson, I chanced to discover several fictitious dreams, which were perfectly correct in their construction, and could be interpreted as though they had not been invented. but had been dreamt by actual persons. The poet declared, upon my inquiry, that he was unacquainted with my theory of dreams. I have made use of this agreement between my investigations and the creation of the poet as proof of the correctness of my method of dream-analysis.
Information as to the extraordinary significance of puns and the play upon words in the old Oriental cultures may be found in the writings of Hugo Winckler.
I have been so occupied, in fact, ever since I heard the significant statement of Joseph Breuer, to the effect that in these structures, regarded as morbid symptoms, solution and treatment go hand in hand.
The "undesired ideas" habitually evoke the most violent resistance, which seeks to prevent them from coming to the surface. But if we may credit our great poet-philosopher Friedrich Schiller, the essential condition of poetical creation includes a very similar attitude.
One has a comprehensible aversion to exposing so many intimate details of one's own psychic life, and one does not feel secure against the misinterpretations of strangers. But one must be able to transcend such considerations ... writes Delboeuf ...
“It shall even be as when an hungry man dreameth, and, behold, he eateth; but he awaketh, and his soul is empty: or as when a thirsty man dreameth, and, behold, he drinketh; but he awaketh, and, behold, he is faint, and his soul hath appetite:
so shall the multitude of all the nations be, that fight against mount Zion.”
Isaiah 29:8 King James Version (KJV)
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| Marcel Prevost |
A young woman who for weeks had been cut off from all society because she was nursing a child who was suffering from an infectious disease dreamt, after the child had recovered, of a company of people in which Alphonse Daudet, Paul Bourget, Marcel Prevost and others were present; they were all pleasant to her and amused her enormously. In her dreams these different authors had the features which their portraits give them. M. Prevost, with whose portrait she is not familiar, looked like the man who had disinfected the sickroom the day before, the first outsider to enter it for a long time. Obviously the dream is to be translated thus: "It is about time now for something more entertaining than this eternal nursing."
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| Alphonse Daudet |
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| Paul Bourget |
The pessimistic philosopher, Eduard von Hartmann, is perhaps most completely opposed to the theory of wish-fulfillment.
To sit for the painter.
Goethe: "And if he has no backside, how can the nobleman sit?"
Of course, too, you know the gruesome poem by Lenau, which puts infanticide and birth control on the same plane.
I do not believe that (these) inconspicuous thoughts would have sufficed to evoke a dream.
"There needs no ghost, my lord, come from the grave to tell us this," as we read in Hamlet.
That the lonely spinster transfers her affection to animals, that the bachelor becomes a passionate collector, that the soldier defends a scrap of colored cloth - his flag - with his life-blood, that in a love-affair a clasp of the hands a moment longer than usual evokes a sensation of bliss, or that in Othello a lost handkerchief causes an outburst of rage - all these are examples of psychic displacements which to us seem incontestable.
The dream never concerns itself with trifles; we do not allow sleep to be disturbed by trivialities. - Havelock Ellis, a kindly critic of The Interpretation of Dreams, writes in The World of Dreams (p.69): "From their point on, many of us will not be able to follow F."
But Mr. Ellis has not undertaken any analysis of dreams, and will not believe how unjustifiable it is to judge them by the manifest dream-content.
"It is a question which of the two paced to and fro in his room the more
impatiently after he had conceived the plan of going to Rome -
Assistant Headmaster Winckelmann or the great General Hannibal."
One of the first books which fell into my childish hands after I learned to read was Thiers' Consulate and Empire.
The association of the idea then leads me to England, to the house of my brother, who used in jest to twit his wife with the title of Tennyson's poem Fifty Years Ago, whereupon the children were used to correct him: Fifteen Years Ago.
The explanation of the favourite flower, and the putting into a buttonhole of something that must have been flower (which recalls he orchids which I had given that day to a friend, and also a rose of Jericho) prominently recalls the incident in Shakespeare's historical play which opens the civil wars of the Red and the White Roses; the mention of Henry VIII has paved the way to this reminiscence.
I get this idea from Zola's Germinal, in which some children are told to bring some dandelion salad with them.
The incident of the lamp goes back to Grillparzer, who notes a charming experience of a similar nature, of which he afterward made use of in Hero and Leander (the waves of the sea and of love- the Armada and the storm).
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| Franz Grillparzer |
Readers who recall Master Rabelais's inimitable description of life and deeds of Gargantua and his son Pantagruel will be able to enroll even the suggested content of the first portion of the dream among the boasts to which I have alluded.
Strumpell... Asserts that the mind, since it turns away from the outer world during sleep, is not in a position to give the correct interpretation of the objective sensory stimulus, but is forced to construct illusions on the basis of the indefinite stimulation arriving from many directions.
We have an interesting proof that the dream which is partially distorted by wish-fulfillment has not been properly understood; for it has been made the basis of a fairy-tale familiar to us all in Anderson's version of The Emperor's New Clothes, and has more recently achieved poetical treatment by Fulda in The Talisman.
I do not wish, dear Lee, that you should ever come to realize from experience the exquisite and piquant truth in the situation of Odysseus, when he appears, naked and covered with mud, before Nausicaa her playmates!
"Where shall be found, Faint, and hard to be known, the trace of the ancient guilt?"
Du Prel states in his Philosophie der Mystik that he is absolutely certain that a condensation-process of the succession of ideas has occurred.
The "pub" immediately reminded him of a quotation:
"Of wonderful host I was lately a guest."
But the host in the poem by Uhland is an apple-tree. Now a second quotation continues the train of thought:
FAUST: (dancing with the young witch)."A lovely dream once came to me; I then beheld an apple tree, And there two fairest apples shone: They lured me so I climbed thereon.
"THE FAIR ONE: "Apples have been desired by you, Since first in Paradise they grew; And I am moved with joy to know That such within my garden grow."
In a rather long and confused dream of my own, the apparent nucleus of which is a sea-voyage, it occurs to me that the next port is Hearsing, and next after that Fliess. The latter is the name of my friend in B., to which city I have often journeyed. But Hearsing is put together from the names of places in the neighborhood of Vienna, which so frequently end in "ing": Hietzing, Liesing, Moedling (the old Medelitz, "meae delicae," "my joy"; that is, my own name, the German for "joy" being Freud), and the English hearsay, which points to calumny, and establishes the relation to the indifferent dream-stimulus of the day - a poem in Fliegende Blatter about a slanderous dwarf, "Sagter Hatergesagt" (Saidhe Hashesaid).
In the novel of artistic life, L'Œuvre, which, by virtue of its content, must have been in association with my dream-thoughts, the author, as is well-known, has incidentally given a description of his own person and his own domestic happiness, and appears under the name of Sandoz.
Since I regard the attribution of dream-distortion to the censorship as the central point of my conception of the dream, I will here quote the closing passage of a story ... by Lynkeus, in which I find this chief feature of my doctrine reproduced:
"Concerning a man who possesses the remarkable faculty of never dreaming nonsense."
"This dream, O King, although seen under two forms, signifies one and the same event of things."
Jung, in his Beitrag zur Psychologie des Geruchtes, relates how a veiled erotic dream of a schoolgirl was understood by her friends without interpretation, and continued by them with variations, and he remarks, with reference to one of these narrated dreams, "that the concluding idea of a long series of dream-like images had precisely the same content as the first image of the series had endeavored to represent. The censorship thrust the complex out of the way as long as possible by a constant renewal of symbolic screenings, displacements, a formations into a something harmless, etc."
Karl Albert Scherner : "But finally, in all symbolic dream-formations emanating from definite nerve stimuli, the phantasy observes the general law that at the beginning of the dream it depicts the stimulating object only by the remotest and freest allusions, but towards the end, when the graphic impulse becomes exhausted, the stimulus itself in nakedly represented by its appropriate organ or its function; whereupon the dream, itself describing it's organic motive, achieves its end ..."
A pretty confirmation of this law of Scherner's has been furnished by Otto Rank in his essay: Ein Traum, der sich selbst deutet.
... a certain content in the dream is characterized in the dream itself as having been "dreamed" - the riddle of a "dream within a dream" - has been solved in a similar sense by W. Stekel, by the analysis of some convincing examples.
Herbert Silberer has described a good method of directly observing the transformation of thoughts into images which occurs in dream formation, and has thus made it possible to study in isolation this one factor of dream-work.
I know patients who have steadily adhered to an architectural symbolism for the body and the genitals (sexual interest, of course, extends far beyond the region of the external genital organs) - patients for whom posts and pillars signify legs (as in the Song of Songs), to whom every door suggests a bodily aperture ("hole"), and every water pipe the urinary system, and so on. But the groups of ideas appertaining to plant-life, or to the kitchen, are just as often to conceal sexual images; in respect of the former everyday language, the sediment of imaginative comparisons dating from the remotest times, has abundantly paved the way (the "vineyard" of the Lord, the "seed" of Abraham, the "garden" of the maiden in the Song of Songs).
Only in one passage which, however, makes a profound impression upon the reader - Brutus's speech of justification in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: "As Caesar loved me, I weep for him; but as he was ambitious, I slew him."
It is the visit of this lady, Louise N., who helps me with my work in the dream. She says: "Lend me something to read." I offer her She, by Rider Haggerd. " strange book, but full of hidden meaning," I try to explain; "the eternal feminine, the immortality of our emotions - "
The comment "strangely enough" applies to this book, and to another by the same author, The Heart of the World; and numerous elements of the dream are taken from these two fantastic romances.
I am suddenly in another compartment, in which the leather seats are so narrow that's one's spine directly touches the back. I am surprised at this, but I may have changed carriages while asleep. Several people, among them an English brother and sister; a row of book plainly on a shelf on the wall. - I see "The Wealth of the Nations," and "Matter and Motion" (by Maxwell), thick books bound in brown linen. The man asks his sister about a book of Schiller's, whether she has forgotten it. These books seem to belong now to me, now to them. At this point I wish to join the conversation in order to confirm or support what is being said.
The whole matter becomes intelligible as soon as one learns that on the dream-day the lady had received a visit from her husband's superior. He was very polite to her , and kissed her hand, and she was not at all afraid of him, although he is a "big bug" and plays the part of a "social lion" in the capital of her country. This lion is, therefore, like the lion in A Midsummer Night's Dream, who is unmasked as Snug the joiner; and of such stuff are all the dream- lions of which one is not afraid.
The steam of urine that washes everything clean is an unmistakable allusion to greatness. It is in this manner that Gulliver extinguishes the great fire in Liliput; to be sure, he thereby incurs the displeasure of the tiniest of queens.
.... before I went to sleep I turned over the leaves of Rabelais, and read a short story by C. F. Meyer entitled Die Leiden dines Knaben ( The Sorrows of a Boy).
O. Rank has called my attention to the fact that in Grimm's fairy-tale of the valiant little tailor, or Seven at one Stroke, there is related a very similar dream of an upstart.
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